A standardized questionnaire was used to collect demographic and clinical data. The questionnaire was divided into 9 sections34: anthropometric and demographic characteristics; lifestyle factors; nutrition and dietary calcium intakes; reproductive history (women); clinical (eg diseases) history; medication history; fracture history; fall history; and biochemical test results. The general characteristics included age, smoking, history of fracture, history of fall, weight, height. Body weight was measured using an electronic balance with indoor clothing without shoes. Height was measured on a handheld stadiometer without shoes. Body mass index (BMI) was derived as the weight in kilograms divided by the square of the height in meters.
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