2.1. Materials, cell lines and animals

Protoporphyrin IX (PpIX) was purchased from Howei Chemical Co., Ltd. (Guangzhou, China). 2-hydroxypyridine was purchased from Macklin Biochemical Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China). Methyl methacrylate (MMA), 2-bromine ethanol, 3-aminopropyl triethoxysilane (APTES), 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)carbodiimide·hydrochloride (EDC·HCl), 3-isocyanatopropyltriethoxysilane (IPTS), ethylene glycol dimethacrylate (EGDMA), 1,3-diphenylisobenzofuran (DPBF), fluorescein diacetate (FDA) and azodiisobutyronitrile (AIBN) were obtained from Aladdin Reagents Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China). 4-dimethylaminopyridine (DMAP) was obtained from Bide Pharmatech Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China). N, N-diisopropyl ethylamine (DIPEA) was purchased from Beijing Ouhe Technology Co., Ltd. (Beijing, China). Singlet Oxygen Sensor Green probe (SOSG) and BODIPY-C11 were purchased from Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc. (Waltham, MA, USA). Propidium iodide (PI), trypsin, 2′,7′-dichlorofluorescein diacetate (DCFH-DA), 3-(4,5-dimethyl-2-thiazolyl)−2,5-diphenyl-2-H-tetrazolium bromide (MTT) and 4′, 6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, USA). All other solvents and reagents were directly used as analytical pure without further purification.

Human lens epithelium cell lines (HLECs) and mouse L929 fibroblastic cell lines were purchased from the Laboratory Animal Center of Sun Yat-sen University (Guangzhou, China). Cells were cultured in Dulbecco's Modified Eagle Medium (DMEM, Gibco) containing 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS, Gibico) and 1% antibiotics (Sigma-Aldrich) in a humidified incubator with 5% CO₂ and 95% air at 37 °C.

New Zealand White rabbits (1.8–2 kg) were obtained from the Laboratory Animal Center of Sun Yat-sen University (Guangzhou, China). All animal experiments were conducted under the regulations approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee of Sun Yat-sen University.