Histopathologic examination for surgical specimens was performed at each site by two experienced pathologists who were unaware of the patient’s radiologic examination results and clinical history. The MVI of HCC was defined as the presence of tumour thrombus in small peritumor vessels (portal vein, hepatic vein or large capsular vesselslined with surrounding liver tissue) only detected under the microscopy. Any differences were resolved by consensus. Details of the histopathologic diagnosis of MVI are provided in Supplementary File 2 .
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