This stage includes carbon emissions generated during the extraction and production of the required raw materials. Based on carbon emission factor method, the calculation equation is as follows:
where Cp is the amount of carbon emission emitted by the production stage, n is the total number of material types, mi is the amount of type ‘i’ (kg or m3); The value of mi represents the amount of material that is required (Paving area multiplied by pavement thickness), gi is the carbon emission coefficient of type ‘i’(kg/kg or kg/m3 CO2).
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