Literature inclusion and exclusion criteria

The articles were selected based on the following criteria: (1) The core objective of the paper was to research liver failure or animal or cell models that can represent liver failure. (2) Rodents, primary cells, or passage cell lines were used as experimental materials. (3) The target organ/cells damaged in the study could be the liver, primary hepatocytes, or subcultured cells. (4) The experimental results included two or more test results to indicate the existence of pyroptosis, apoptosis, or necroptosis, and at least one test detected a key protein of any RCD. (5) The experimental design included model and control groups. The exclusion criteria for the research articles were: (1) Target cells of the experimental study were not hepatocytes (such as hepatic stellate cells, macrophages, endothelial cells, and human primary monocytes). (2) The process and standard of model establishment were not described. (3) The experimental evidence for the existence of any of the three forms of cell death was insufficient.