2.4. Outcome variable

Based on consumption levels, the HPV is a predicted probability of a household or individual falling into poverty at a specific time. The most representative method was vulnerability as expected poverty, which was proven effective and proposed to estimate poverty vulnerability using cross-sectional data.^[37] This method was conducted using 3-stage feasible generalized least-squares to quantify the vulnerability of individuals to health-related poverty; the implementation steps are detailed in a previously published study.^[24] The health poverty vulnerability based on the extreme poverty and low- and middle-income countries poverty line was HPV1, HPV2, respectively. The current study selected the international extreme poverty of $2.15 and low- and middle-income countries poverty of $3.65/day as the poverty lines to measure the vulnerability to poverty.^[38]