Conceptual model

A conceptual model was defined based on the literature (Hagberg et al. 1995; Sauter and Swanson 1996; Karsh 2006; MacDonald et al. 2008; Punnett et al. 2009; Stock et al. 2013; Roquelaure 2016), the authors’ expertise and data available in the sample studied (Fig. 1). This model had already been tested for shoulder pain (self-reported shoulder pain without diagnosis of shoulder disorder confirmed by an occupational physician) (Bodin et al. 2018, 2020) and carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS confirmed by an occupational physician) (Roquelaure et al. 2020) in the same database. The following hypotheses were tested:

Conceptual model of the relationships between organisational, psychosocial, biomechanical, and personal factors and shoulder disorder

Additional hypotheses were tested: (i) psychosocial risk factors are correlated, (ii) age increases the risk of shoulder disorders and reduces exposure to biomechanical risk factors, (iii) overweight/obesity increases the risk of shoulder disorders, (iv) female gender is associated with shoulder disorders, higher exposure to psychosocial factors and lower exposure to biomechanical factors as compared to men.