Reliability and validity of research

Reliability and validity of the study was ensured by recruiting adolescents who have experience in using mobile apps and were able to discuss about it. ³² Persistent observations and prolonged engagements during the data collection have allowed the researcher to establish rapport with the participants that led to sufficient data being obtained. ³³ Data triangulation was conducted by collecting data at three different secondary schools located in different towns in Selangor using the same methods and investigator. ³⁴ Investigator triangulation was done with a researcher in the same field (ZYMY) and a researcher from a different specialty (UO) where the themes and the coded data were assessed independently to ensure the themes correctly depicted what the participants had said. ³⁴ Differences in opinions regarding the final themes were discussed and the final consensus was reached through agreement among all researchers.