Study participants and sampling

The study population was from different cities in Iran. Data were collected using a researcher-made questionnaire. The general questionnaire was included demographic variables and a risk perception questionnaire. Inclusion criteria were willingness to complete the questionnaire, access smartphones and cyberspace, and live in Iran and the exclusion criteria were unwillingness to continue cooperation and lack of answers to all questionnaire questions.

The results of the reliability study after removing a question showed that the internal reliability of the attitude awareness subscale increased to 0.70 and the perspective attitude subscale increased to 0.70 and the performance behavior subscale was 0.85.

After that, a researcher-made questionnaire was developed and designed on the network virtually, then its link was available to the social media same as (WhatsApp, Telegram).

First, the aim of this study and the subject of the research were explained to the participants. Participants were reassured that their information would remain confidential.