Control conditions

In previous trials of PWD, and WED more generally, participants allocated to the Writing Control task are often asked to write about time management [28], as this is assumed to be a neutral topic. However, in a previous pilot trial with caregivers, this control condition was found to be inappropriate because most caregivers spent a significant amount of their time caring, so it tends to be an emotionally charged topic [23]. An alternative writing control task has been developed for use with caregivers, whereby caregivers were asked to objectively describe images of outdoor scenes [24]. However, our Caring for Caregivers (C4C) Lived Experience Advisory Panel (LEAP) of caregivers felt that writing about an image of outdoor scenes was not neutral—as it could either improve mood because the image is aesthetically pleasing or it could worsen mood because many caregivers are unable to visit such places due to the demands of their caregiving responsibilities. Being attentive to this feedback, we have selected, with the help of our C4C LEAP, a set of images that are primarily used within change detection research; the images depict different rooms within a house [29]. These images not only were considered to be both neutral but also have sufficient detail to keep participants engaged enough to write about them for 20 min.

Participants will be asked to write about one image during each writing session; they will be asked to write continuously for 20 min on each of three consecutive days (the same duration as the PWD group). The writing instructions will prompt participants to avoid including any emotions in their writing, i.e. “Please do not add personal information or give your opinions on the images. Please try to be as objective and detailed as possible.” Similar to the PWD group, participants in this group will be informed not to worry about spelling or grammar and that they can complete the writing when and where is most convenient for them. If they run out of things to write before the 20 min is up, they will be instructed to repeat what they have already written.

The participants who are allocated to the NWC condition will not be asked to complete any writing—these participants will be asked to continue with their daily activities as usual. The inclusion of the NWC is based upon feedback from the C4C LEAP that having permission to take time out of your day to write, regardless of the topic, may be beneficial. The inclusion of the NWC group will allow us to determine whether it is the act of writing or the topic being written about that produces benefits (if any).