2.3. Socioeconomic deprivation

We measured municipality-level socioeconomic deprivation at baseline (2010) using the marginality index. The marginality index is a composite index of area-level socioeconomic deprivation that includes nine variables across four dimensions: access to public services, access to education, and economic and employment conditions. The index was divided into quintiles which correspond to: very low, low, medium, high and very high deprivation (Consejo Nacional de Población, 2010). For the purpose of our analysis, high and very high deprivation were collapsed into one category due to few observations (0.2%) in the very high deprivation category in the non-urban municipalities.