A total of 42 patients diagnosed with active UC and 36 healthy control participants with matched age and sex were recruited at Qilu Hospital of Shandong University. The diagnosis of UC was based on well-established clinical, endoscopic, and histopathological criteria. Biopsy specimens of patients with UC were collected from the mucosa with mild to moderate inflammation. All control participants were individuals who underwent colonoscopy for screening purposes, with a macroscopically normal colon and no clinical symptoms. The experimental procedures were approved by the ethical committee of Qilu Hospital of Shandong University. All participants gave written informed consent before biopsy.
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