Data collection

After providing informed consent, caregivers were interviewed by study staff to gather sociodemographic information and relevant medical history using a standardized questionnaire. Diagnoses, procedures, and other relevant medical information were extracted from medical records. Enrolled children underwent a physical examination by a study clinician, which included anthropometric measurements (height (or length if < 24 months), weight and middle upper arm circumference (MUAC)). Weight-for-length/height z-score (WLZ/WHZ), weight-for-age z-score (WAZ), length/height-for-age z-score (LAZ/HAZ) were determined using the WHO’s anthropometric macro code for Stata [26].