Inclusion Criteria and Exclusion Criteria

The inclusion criteria were inpatients who had complete medical records and were diagnosed with diabetes according to the WHO standard. A complete set of tumor markers was detected. All patients were observed for more than 1 year. Patients with elevation of tumor markers had a recheck in hospital or in the out-patient department within two weeks. The exclusion criteria were: (1) A history of any type of tumor. (2) Pregnant and lactating women. (3) Chronic kidney diseases with an estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) <60 mL/min/1.73 m². (4) A history of liver cirrhosis or liver insufficiency with alanine aminotransferase 3 times higher than the upper limit of normal range.