Patient Stratification Risk

The GBS was assessed at admission and included the following nonendoscopic parameters: gender, systolic blood pressure, heart rate, presentation with melena, presentation with syncope, hepatic disease, cardiac failure, hemoglobin concentration, and blood urea nitrogen (Table ​(Table1)1) [23]. The patients were stratified by GBS as lower-risk (GBS <12) or higher-risk (GBS ≥12) bleeding according to the definition adopted in previous studies [18, 19, 24], whereas a cut-off of 12 demonstrated a specificity of 90% for prediction of all-cause in-hospital mortality in NVUGIB [18].

Glasgow-Blatchford scores [22]