Participants

Adults admitted to the EMU for presurgical evaluation were consecutively included between May 2017 and July 2019 if they had (1) a history of fbTC seizures and (2) ≥1 fbTC seizures in the year before admission. Healthy controls were recruited among employees of the institution. Cases and controls were excluded in case of contraindications to TMS other than epilepsy, including pregnancy, inability to follow the experimental protocol, and in case of any medication changes other than the ASM scheduled during the trial period. The study was approved by the ethics committee of Leiden University Medical Center. All participants provided written informed consent before entry.