A 50% glucose solution (Fuso Yakuhin Kogyo, Osaka, Japan) was diluted with physiological saline (Otsuka Pharmaceutical, Tokyo, Japan) to target concentrations of glucose solutions of 0, 50, 100, 200, 300, 500, and 700 mM. Then, the pH of the diluted glucose solutions was adjusted to pH 6 by adding dilutions of 0.1 mol/L hydrochloric acid (Kanto Chemical, Tokyo, Japan) and/or 0.01 mol/L sodium hydroxide (Kanto Chemical).
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