Two incisions (~ 2 cm) were made on the back of 6–8-week-old Wistar rats after being anesthetized using isoflurane (Isoba® vet) (Schering Plough, NJ, USA). A pouch was dissected on each side and the unfunctionalized PLCA scaffolds (Control) or functionalized PLCA scaffolds (PA) were implanted subcutaneously and randomly distributed among all rats (at least n = 5 rats per time point). Wounds were sutured with Vicryl 4-0, and the animals were given buprenorphine (Temgesic® 0.3 mg/kg) subcutaneously as analgesic. Animals were euthanized with CO2 overdose at 4 days (acute inflammatory response) and 4 weeks (chronic inflammatory response) after implantation. The samples were harvested and stored in RNAlater (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA, USA) at − 80 °C until processed.
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