Total RNAs were extracted using TRIzol (Life Technologies, Grand Island, NY, USA) and cDNA was synthesized from 500 ng of total RNA using an iScript™ cDNA Synthesis Kit (Bio‐Rad, Hercules, CA, USA) in accordance with the manufacturer's instructions. Quantitative real‐time PCR was conducted as described previously with 18S rRNA used as a reference (Fu et al. 2013). All primers are listed in Table 1.
The primer sequences used for real‐time quantitative PCR
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