Angiogenesis in vivo was verified via the Matrigel plug assay. Matrigel (0.5 ml/plug) in liquid (BD Biosciences) contained VEGF (150 ng/ml) and then drugs were added: vehicle, sorafenib (15 mg/kg), SDC (2 mg/kg), or the combination of sorafenib and SDC. Matrigel mixes were injected subcutaneously in the mid-ventral abdominal region of each mouse. Mice were sacrificed and the plugs were completely excised and photographed. Matrigel was collected, the content of hemoglobin was measured using a hemoglobin assay kit (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA), according to manufacturer’s protocols.21,22
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