2.5. TBE-31 Oral Gavage

For oral gavage administration to mice, a stock solution of TBE-31 in DMSO was prepared and diluted (1:140) in corn oil to achieve a dose of 5 nmol/g body weight. Wild-type (WT) and Nrf2-knockout (Nrf2^−/−, Nrf2-KO) C57BL/6 female mice were recruited to the study when they were 14 weeks old.

Mice were randomly allocated to each treatment group (n = 4–5) and administered with TBE-31 or vehicle (0.7% DMSO in corn oil), at 24 h intervals, for 3 days. Animals were sacrificed at 24 h after the last treatment (mice were fasted for 4 h before harvesting). Colon tissues were collected and snap frozen in liquid nitrogen for further analysis.