Power, Time, and Z-Height Adjustable Laser (PrTZAL) System

Laser valving events and rotationally driven flow were accomplished with the PrTZAL system, described elsewhere.¹⁹ Active valving via a 638 nm laser diode occurred when the disc was stationary and situated under the laser at the corresponding radial distance from the center of rotation (r), measured in mm. To open the valves, the laser was positioned 15 mm above the disc, and irradiation occurred at 500 mW for 500 ms.¹⁹ Channels were occluded by situating the disc 27 mm below the laser and with a power output of 700 mW for 2500 ms. A DC brushless motor was used to drive device rotation, enabling fluidic control.