Data extraction

Two reviewers (JZ and LZ) will extract data from the included studies independently following a data acquisition using Microsoft Excel software. Required information includes demographic data, type of VR techniques and non-VR techniques, details of VR and non-VR training, inclusion/exclusion criteria, outcome indicators (primary, secondary and exploratory outcomes), etc. Information about study design (such as randomisation, allocation concealment, blinding methods, data collection and statistical analysis, outcome reporting) will also be recorded for the next step of quality assessment. Results data will be recorded as mean±SD for a continuous variable, and the proportion of participants with percentage for dichotomous data. If necessary, a third reviewer (XD) will double-check the data to ensure consistency. If information and data are missing or incomplete in any study, we will contact the corresponding authors of the literature to obtain the original data by email. If necessary, we will extract numerical data from graphs using Adobe Photoshop described by Gheibi et al.⁵² Detailed list of information and data to be extracted is presented in table 2.

Data and information extraction schedule

CPR, cardiopulmonary resuscitation; VR, virtual reality.