Echocardiograms were performed with Vivid E9 or E95 (GE Healthcare) machines and a 5 MHz matrix transducer, and two-dimensional images were acquired at 60–70 frames/s. Measurement of the usual echocardiographic parameters was performed according to the guidelines of the American Society of Echocardiography (ASE) [13]. They included comprehensive measurements of the LVEF, which was accomplished using a semiautomated border detection method and aortic mean and peak gradients. The AVA was estimated through the continuity equation.
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