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Patients with COPD aged ≥ 40 years with post-bronchodilator FEV1 ≥ 30–< 80% predicted and post-bronchodilator FEV1/forced vital capacity [FVC] ratio < 0.7, a smoking history of ≥ 10 pack-years), and without gross emphysema (< 25% emphysematous total lung changes in high-resolution computed tomography [HRCT] at screening) were included. Full inclusion and exclusion criteria are available in Additional file 1.
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