Real-time quantitative (q) PCR and sanger sequencing

Total RNA was extracted from mouse pancreatic islets and cell lines using TRIzol reagent (Invitrogen), and the expression level of β-actin was used as an internal control. qPCR was performed with the SYBR Green PCR Master Mix (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA, USA). Additionally, all primers were synthesized (Supplementary Table 1, https://figshare.com/s/da74d93a44f6f595b683) and PCR products were sequenced by Sangon Biotech Co., Ltd (Shanghai, China) (Supplementary Figure 1, https://figshare.com/s/1e654918249b55ccabfa).