Physiological saline was exposed to the plasma for 60 s; thereafter, the bacteria were immersed in PAL/physiological saline for 30 min, with the physiological saline-treated bacteria as the control group. The bacteria were incubated in 3% glutaraldehyde and fixed overnight. Subsequently, 1% osmium tetroxide was added to the solution for 90 min. The samples were embedded in epoxy resin overnight. The sections were stained and examined by transmission electron microscopy (TEM).
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