We analyzed results of the urine and blood culture tests performed at the time of admission. The presence of etiologic agents was confirmed when microorganisms at a concentration of ≥ 105 CFU/mL were isolated from urine cultures and/or when urinary pathogens were isolated from blood cultures. Identification of bacterial species and their susceptibility to antibiotics were determined using a semi-automated system (VITEK, bioMérieux, Hazelwood, MO, USA or Microscan, Dade Behring, West Sacramento, CA, USA) in each hospital. The breakpoints of each compound were defined with reference to the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute [16], and the breakpoints of R (resistance) or I (intermediate) were considered to indicate resistance. If the causative organism was resistant to ciprofloxacin and/or levofloxacin, we defined it as resistant to fluoroquinolones.
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