Process Measures and Other Covariates

We obtained patient (e.g., socio-demographics, clinical variables) characteristics from administrative, membership, and clinical or program electronic records. We collected caregiver socio-demographics and caregiving characteristics (relationship, living arrangement, help from others) from surveys. We measured HBPC service use and outpatient primary and specialty care visits from admission to 1 month to correspond with timing of the survey data collection for each patient. Other healthcare utilization prior to and after admission were also obtained from the EMR or claims.