This was a retrospective, observational cohort study from 6/2012 to 10/2020 at a single institution. Patients admitted to the pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) with septic shock who had heart rate data available from bedside monitors were included in the analysis. Septic shock was defined as the need for vasoactive medications in children with confirmed or suspected infection within 72 h of PICU admission. The study was approved with a waiver of consent by Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago institutional review board (IRB #2020-3868).
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