Tissue sections (3 μm) were cut from paraffin-embedded human or mouse kidney blocks, deparaffinized, and rehydrated. Tissues were stained with periodic acid–Schiff (PAS) and Masson stains. The tubular injury was scored on PAS staining described previously, and the renal tubulointerstitial fibrosis area was presented as the percentage of the whole kidney cross-section on Masson staining using ImageJ software (NIH, Bethesda, MD, United States) on 15 randomly selected fields (200× magnification) as previously described (Liu et al., 2009; Luan et al., 2020).
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