2.4. Determination of the GE and 3-MCPDE in the RBD Palm Oil

The presence of GE and 3-MCPDE in RBD palm oil was determined following the Association of the Official Analytical Chemist (AOAC) Official Method Cd 29c-13 [17]. The analyses were conducted using Gas Chromatography (Agilent 7890B GC; Santa Clara, CA, USA) equipped with a Mass Spectroscopy detector (Agilent 6560 Ion Mobility LC/Q-TOF; Santa Clara, CA, USA) and Agilent capillary column HP-5MS (30 m × 0.32 mm × 25 μm). This determination of the 3-MCPDE and GE was conducted by following the indirect transesterification method. The transesterification method converts GE to 3-monobromopropanediol monoesters by the bromination process, which was followed by the acid transesterification to release 3-3-MCPDE from their esters phenylboronic acid derivatization. Finally, the quantification of GE and 3-MCPDE in RBD palm oil was conducted using gas chromatography with a mass spectrometry detector (GC–MS). The RBD palm oil (1.0 μL) was injected to the column in spitless mode at 250 °C. Helium was utilized as a carrier gas at a flow rate of 0.8 mL/min. The analysis was conducted by programming the oven temperature from 80 to 200 °C at 10 °C/min and holding the temperature for 10 min. The oven temperature was further increased to 300 °C at 15 °C/min and held for 15 min.