Analyses of Metabolic Parameters

Intraperitoneal glucose tolerance test (IPGTT) and intraperitoneal insulin tolerance test (IPITT) were undertaken in MSCs- and Saline-injected mice after two weeks of treatment. For the IPGTT, mice were starved for overnight, and their tails were bled to determine the initial blood glucose concentration with a Accu-Chek Mobile glucometer (Roche). Glucose (2 g/kg bodyweight) was administrated into the mice via intraperitoneal injection, and blood glucose level was then monitored. For the IPITT, mice were firstly conducted with 6-hour starvation, then injected with 0.5-1.5 unit/kg of human insulin (Novolin 30R, Novo Nordisk), and the blood glucose concentration was measured.