Study Design and Settings

This cross-sectional study included data on patients diagnosed with both HF and AF, which were obtained from the electronic medical records (EMR) database of a tertiary care teaching urban hospital (a 1,100-bed public hospital) in Phitsanulok Province. The study hospital is an academic referral center for the lower northern region of Thailand. The EMR database included patient demographics, clinical characteristics, and medication information. At the time of the study, well-trained hospital staff entered patient information into the EMR database.

The research protocol was approved by the Research Ethics Committee of Buddhachinaraj Hospital (IRB No. 067/63, Approval data: March 26, 2020) before retrieval of patient data.