2.2. Childhood trauma questionnaire (CTQ)

Child ELS was assessed using the CTQ, a 28-item self-report measure containing five sub-scales indexing Emotional Abuse (EA), Sexual Abuse (SA), Physical Abuse (PA), Emotional Neglect (EN) and Physical Neglect (PN). It has excellent psychometric properties including internal consistency, test-retest reliability, and convergent and discriminant validity with interviews and clinician reports of maltreatment (Bernstein et al., 1997). Individuals responded to each item using a 5-point Likert scale; scores range from 25 (no history of abuse/neglect) to 125 (extreme abuse/neglect).