2.1 Participants

Ten patients with DM and unilateral TTA 1-3 years post amputation (AMP) (Table 1) (10 M; age: 56.8 ± 4.3 years; mass: 97.6 ± 15.2 kg; height: 1.8 ± 0.1 m), 11 patients with DM (2F, 9 M; age: 61.4 ± 8.0 years; mass: 94.3 ± 22.0 kg; height: 1.7 ± 0.1 m), and 13 healthy control patients (HC) (3 F, 10 M; age: 63.1 ± 7.7 years; mass: 77.7 ± 13.2 kg; height: 1.7 ± 0.1 m) were enrolled. Eligibility criteria included: age: 50-85 years; BMI ≤ 40 kg/m²; independent community ambulation (ability to walk for four minutes without rest or assistive device); 1-3 years post amputation (AMP group); controlled Type-II diabetes mellitus (AMP and DM groups); no traumatic or cancer-related amputation (AMP group); no major amputation on contralateral limb (AMP group); no cardiovascular, orthopaedic, neurologic, wounds, or ulcers that limit physical function; no history of LBP (HC group); no diagnosed rheumatoid arthritis (HC group); no diagnosed osteoarthritis (HC group); and no total hip/knee joint arthroplasty (HC group). Each participant provided a written, informed consent in accordance with the Colorado Multiple Institutional Review Board prior to the start of the experimental session and completed one data collection in which whole body kinematics were collected.

Participant characteristics for patients with dysvascular unilateral transtibial amputation (AMP) group.