Mitochondrial Membrane Potential (ΔΨm) Assays

The log-phase cells treated with 2 μg/ml TN were collected, washed, and resuspended in PBS buffer. Two micrograms per milliliter of JC-1 (2 mg/ml, dissolved in DMSO, Sigma) was added into the suspension. The cells were incubated for 1 h, and the mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) was recorded with the flow cytometer (FACSCalibur, BD, San Jose, CA, United States). The red fluorescence (excitation wavelength at 525 nm, emission wavelength at 590 nm) with J-aggregates could be detected in the cells with normal MMP. The green fluorescence (excitation wavelength at 490 nm, emission wavelength at 530 nm) with J-monomer was detected in the cells with decreased MMP (Yu et al., 2021).