Academic Achievement

Academic achievement was measured using 19 items developed by Yanfei et al. (2011). Academic achievement was divided into two sides: behavior performance and objective achievement. Behavior performance included three subscales: learning performance (6 items), relationship facilitation (6 items), and learning dedication (3 items), totaling to 15 items. Each item of behavioral performance was rated on a 6-point Likert scale (1 = strongly unapplicable, and 6 = strongly applicable). Objective achievement comprised four items for the participants’ self-evaluation of achievement (recreational and sports activities, moral education, intellectual education, and total score) using a 5-point Likert scale. The higher the participants’ self-evaluation, the higher their subjective achievement. Cronbach’s alpha for the overall scale was 0.936 and those for the subscales were 0.895 (learning performance), 0.907 (relationship facilitation), 0.902 (learning dedication), and 0.874 (objective achievement).