A total of 108 pairs of primary HCC tissues and paracarcinoma tissues were obtained from patients undergoing surgery at the affiliated hospital of Nantong University between 2004 and 2010. Another cohort of 10 matched fresh HCC samples were collected from the same hospital. None of the patients had received chemotherapy, radiotherapy, or immunotherapy before undergoing surgery. The follow-up was completed in August 2015 (median follow-up 65 months; range, 2–95 months). The samples were collected promptly during surgical resection and stored at − 80 °C. The experimental protocol was approved by the ethics committee of the Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University. Additionally, written informed consent was obtained from all participants.
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