The viability of tacrolimus-treated kidney organoids within a kidney organoid-on-a-chip was analyzed by using a live/dead assay after 6 days. (Thermo Fisher Scientific, MA, USA). Briefly, 5 mL of DPBS containing 2 µL of calcein AM solution and 10 µL of ethidium homodimer-1 solution was added to kidney organoid-on-a-chip and was then incubated at 37 °C in a 5% CO2 incubator for 40 min. The stained organoids were analyzed by using an inverted fluorescence microscope (Olympus, Japan).
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