2.1. Materials

GenX, also known as ammonium perfluoro (2-methyl-3-oxahexanoate) (Synquest Laboratories, Alachua, FL, USA), was used in this study. PFOA, N-acetylcysteine (NAC), dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), 2′,7′-dichlorofluorescein diacetate (DCFH-DA), and 3-(4,5-Dimethyl-2-thiazolyl)-2,5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium bromide (MTT) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). Enhanced chemiluminescence (ECL) Western blot detection reagents were purchased from Abclone (Seoul, Republic of Korea). The bicinchoninic acid (BCA) protein assay kit and SuperSignal™ West Femto Maximum Sensitivity substrate were purchased from Thermo Fisher Scientific (Waltham, MA, USA). Immunoblotting was performed using monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies against Bax, Bcl-2, Caspase-3, Caspase-9, p53, CHOP, and GAPDH. All antibodies used for Western blot analysis were purchased from Santa Cruz Biotechnology (Santa Cruz, CA, USA). Information on the antibodies used is displayed in Supplementary Table 2. All stock solutions (GenX, PFOA) were prepared before the experiments and dissolved in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS; pH 7.4). For treatment, the stock solutions were diluted 100 times in the medium.