CNT (XFNANO, Co., Ltd.) was pretreated in 6 mol L−1 HCl solution for 12 h to remove any impurities. After that, the CNT sample was filtrated, washed with ultra-pure water and freeze-dried. 30 mL concentrated sulfuric acid was added into 200 mg treated CNT in a three-neck round-bottom flask. After stirring for 30 min, 10 mL concentrated HNO3 was added dropwise, and the mixture was refluxed at 70 °C for 2 h and cooled down to room temperature. OCNT was collected by filtration, washing repeatedly with ultra-pure water and freeze-drying.
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