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2.4.2. BUN and Creatinine (Cre)
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The target BUN level is 20–22 mg/dL. In case of a low score for BUN (≤15 mg/dL) with a low aminotransferase level (AST and ALT, <15 U/L), low protein synthesis is suspected [1]. Vitamin B complex and zinc are recommended for elevating protein synthesis.
The target Cre level is 0.8–1.0 mg/dL. A low score for Cre (≤0.5 mg/dL) without kidney disease means a loss of skeletal-muscle mass. Protein powder or branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs) in combination with exercise are recommended.
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Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
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