2.3. Echocardiography Measurement

Before sacrificed, the mice were administered with inhalant anesthetics with isoflurane (2%), and echocardiography was performed with a 15 MHz linear transducer (Vevo 2100; VisualSonics, Toronto, Canada). All measurements were conducted in M-mode and averaged for five consecutive cardiac cycles. Left ventricular internal diameter at end-diastole (LVIDd), left ventricular internal dimension systole (LVIDs), left ventricular volume during diastolic (LVVOLd), left ventricular volume during systole (LVVOLs), left ventricular posterior wall diastolic thickness (LVPWd), left ventricular posterior wall thickness at end systole (LVPWs), interventricular septum end-diastolic thickness (IVSd), interventricular septal end-systolic thickness (IVSs), left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), and short axis fractional shortening (FS) of left ventricular were then detected, respectively.