Cells (2 × 104) were seeded with serum-free medium (200 μl) in a Transwell migration chamber (Corning, USA) with an 8-μm pore membrane on the bottom. The chamber was inserted in a well of a 24-well plate containing 10% FBS media (500 μl DMEM or RPMI 1640). Cells were incubated at 37 °C in a humidified environment with 5% CO2 for 12–24 h, and then stained with crystal violet and detected under a microscope after being fixing with 4% paraformaldehyde. A microscope was used to image migrating cells and cell numbers were counted under five independent visual fields. Statistical analysis was done using Graphpad Prism 6 Software (GraphPad Software, Inc.).
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