We included systematic reviews of quantitative, qualitative or mixed-methods primary studies that explored reasons for non-vaccination, barriers to vaccination or factors associated with uptake of childhood vaccines. We defined ‘childhood vaccination’ to include all routine vaccines given to preschool-aged children (under 6 years). Reviews were eligible for inclusion if they discussed parent-level barriers, that is, barriers experienced by and relevant to parents directly. Reviews with mixed-age populations were included if one or more primary studies focused on vaccination for preschool-aged children, but data were only extracted on barriers explicitly related to childhood vaccination. No publication language or date restrictions were applied.
Reviews focusing solely on adolescent or adult vaccination (eg, human papillomavirus vaccines)
Reviews focusing solely on non-modifiable determinants (eg, ethnicity, socioeconomic status and gender) or barriers not directly relevant to parents (eg, healthcare provider training).
Non-systematic reviews, that is, literature reviews that did not describe the search strategy and selection criteria for primary studies, and/or did not report the number and references of included studies
Reviews focusing solely on intervention studies
Reviews focusing solely on seasonal or pandemic influenza vaccines.
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