2.1. Chemicals

ACE (97%) was kindly gifted from Hektaş Ticaret A.Ş. (Istanbul, Turkey). ELISA kits for GSH, TAS, TOS, IRE1-α, growth arrest- and DNA damage-inducible gene 153 (GADD153), glucose-regulated protein-78 and -90 (GRP78 and GRP90) and caspase-12 (CASP12) from Elabscience Biotechnology Co. Ltd. (Houston, TX, USA), TNF-α from Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc. (KHC3011, CA, USA); FITC Annexin V Apoptosis Detection Kit with PI from BioLegend (San Diego, CA, USA); FluoForte calcium assay kit from Enzo Life Sciences, Inc. (Lausen, Switzerland); 4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) from BioFroxx (GmbH, Germany); the primary antibodies, anti-NF-κB (ab6671), anti-TNF-α (ab16502) from Abcam (Cambridge, MA, USA) and anti-MAPK8 (PR5340A) from Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc. (Carlsbad, CA, USA); anti-rabbit IgG HRP-binding antibody from Santa Cruz Biotechnology (Dallas, TX, USA) were purchased. Primers for mRNA expressions were obtained from Sentromer DNA Technologies (Istanbul, Turkey). The total RNA isolation kit and cDNA synthesis kit were from Roche Life Sciences (Penzberg, Germany); SensiFast No-Rox Kit was from Bioline (London, UK); RIPA lysis buffer and luminol reagent were from Santa Cruz Biotechnology (Dallas, TX, USA). Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), 3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5-diphenyl-tetrazolium bromide (MTT) and 2′,7′-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate (H2DCF-DA) were from Sigma Chemical Co. Ltd. (St. Louis, MO, USA). Phosphate-buffered saline (PBS), Dulbecco’s Modified Eagle Medium: Nutrient Mixture F-12 (DMEM F-12) and all other cell culture supplements were from Multicell Wisent (Saint-Jean Baptiste, QC, Canada), and sterile plastic materials were from Corning (Amsterdam, The Netherlands).