2.12. Western Blot Analysis for Protein Expression Related to ER Stress

MIN-6 cells were treated as described in the preceding sections, and then proteins were harvested from the cell lysates after being treated with lysis buffer. We used 10% (w/v) sodium dodecyl sulfate–polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis to separate the protein lysates (50 µg). Western blot analysis was performed by antibodies against C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP), phospho-extracellular signal-regulated kinase (p-ERK), phospho-c-JunN-terminal kinase (p-JNK), and β-actin antibodies (Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Santa Cruz, CA, USA). The blots were treated with secondary antibodies. After washing, the blots were developed using the ECL Western blotting system (R&D system, Inc., Minneapolis, MN, USA) and quantified through laser densitometry.