Quantification and statistical analysis.

Samples were blinded whenever deemed appropriate and applicable. Sample description and identification was not available to the core lab personnel during data plotting and analyses. No samples or data were excluded from the study for statistical purposes. Each in vitro experiment was independently performed in duplicate or triplicate to ensure reproducibility. Group sizes of 5 mice or greater were sufficient to reach statistical power of at least 80%. Animals were assigned at random to treatment groups for all studies. The tests used for statistical analyses are described in the figure legends. All sample numbers are given in the figure legends. To determine whether the means of two groups are statistically different from each other, unpaired two-tailed Student’s t-tests were used for statistical analyses. All data passed the normality test using Prism8 software (GraphPad software v8.0; Prism, La Jolla, CA). P values of 0.05 or less were considered statistically significant, and exact P values are provided in the figures. For the glucose and insulin tolerance tests, statistical comparisons between every two groups at each time point were performed with the unpaired two-tailed Student’s t-test.