Statistical Analysis

Statistical analyses were performed using IBM SPSS software (Version 26, IBM SPSS Inc., Armonk, New York, USA). Data were pooled from the two groups of subjects. The distribution of continuous data was evaluated according to the Shapiro–Wilk test. Differences in baseline characteristics, blood pressure and lipid profiles between the two studies were assessed using Student's t-test or Mann–Whitney U-test, as appropriate. χ² test were used to test Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium and comparisons for categorical variables. Logistic regression analyses were applied to determine significantly independent predictors of BP and HR response and the pharmacogenetic analysis. Paired Student's t-test was used to compare the peak plasma levels of bisoprolol concentration 3 h post-first dose and 3 h post-dose after 6 weeks of treatment. The bisoprolol plasma concentrations were adjusted for body weight based on the univariate analysis. An independent samples t-test or an analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) followed by Tukey's multiple comparison test was used to assess the effect of the genetic polymorphisms on plasma concentrations of bisoprolol with body weight as covariate. Statistical analysis on the effect of genetic polymorphisms on the BP and HR responses to bisoprolol was performed using an independent samples t-test or a one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by Tukey's multiple comparison test, as appropriate. Data are presented as mean ± standard deviation unless otherwise specified. A P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.